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1590 (MDXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar).
Events of 1590
=January–June=
January 11 – The Cortes of Castile approves a new subsidy, the "millones".
March – Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, takes Breda by concealing 68 of his best men in a peat-boat to get through the impregnable defences.
March 14 – Battle of Ivry: Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne.
May – August – Henry IV of France unsuccessfully attempts to besiege Paris. Henry is forced to raise the siege when the Duke of Parma comes to its rescue with a Spanish army.
May 17 – Anne of Denmark is crowned queen of Scotland.
May 21 – Treaty of Ferhat Pasha between Ottoman Turkey and Safavid Persia. Ottomans annex Caucasus.
= July–December =
August 18 – John White, governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns from a supply-trip to England and finds his settlement deserted. After the unsuccessful search, he returned to England on October 24.
September 15 – Urban VII succeeds Sixtus V as the 228th pope; he dies of malaria twelve days later.
September 15 – The Neulengbach earthquake causes significant damage and some loss of life in Lower Austria and Vienna; effects felt as far as Bohemia Silesia
December 5 – Gregory XIV succeeds Urban VII as the 229th pope.
December 7 – Agnes Sampson is questioned by King James VI of Scotland and confesses to practising witchcraft.
=Undated=
Orthodox Patriarch Meletius I of Alexandria succeeds Silvester.
Japan is united by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
The Spanish are pushed out of southern Gelderland by the Dutch forces.
A group of English merchants gains the right to trade in Ottoman territory in return for supplying the sultan with iron, steel, brass and tin for his war with Persia.
Births
January 9 – Simon Vouet, French painter (d. 1649)
January 30 – Lady Anne Clifford, English noblewoman (d. 1676)
March 18 – Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Spanish and Portuguese historian and poet (d. 1649)
April 18 – Ahmed I, Ottoman Emperor (d. 1617)
May – William Cecil, 17th Baron de Ros (d. 1618)
May 5 – Jakub Sobieski, Polish noble (d. 1646)
May 12 – Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1621)
July 13 – Pope Clement X (d. 1676)
July 26 – Johannes Crellius, Polish–German theologian (d. 1633)
August 19 – Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier (d. 1649)
date unknown
William Bradford, English leader of Plymouth Colony (d. 1657)
Francis Burgersdyk, Dutch logician (d. 1629)
Isaac de Caus, French landscaper (d. 1648)
Theophilus Eaton, merchant (d. 1658)
Isaac Manasses de Pas, Marquis de Feuquieres, French soldier (d. 1640)
Roger Ludlow, one of the founders of the colony (later the state) of Connecticut (d. 1664)
Boris Morozov, Russian statesman and boyar (d. 1661)
Yamada Nagamasa, Japanese adventurer (d. 1630)
probable
William Browne, English poet (d. 1645)
Mícheál Ó Cléirigh, Irish chronicler (d. 1643)
Henry Somerset, 1st Marquess of Worcester (d. 1646)
Deaths
February 1
Lawrence Humphrey, president of Magdalen College, Oxford (b. 1527)
Catherine of Ricci, Catholic prioress and saint (b. 1522)
February 4 – Gioseffo Zarlino, Italian music theorist and composer (b. 1517)
February 12 – François Hotman, French Protestant lawyer and writer (b. 1524)
February 18 – Asahi no kata, Japanese lady, Toyotomi Hideyoshi's sister (b. 1543)
February 21 – Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick, English nobleman and general (b. 1528)
April 6 – Francis Walsingham, English spymaster (b. 1530)
May 9 – Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon French church leader and pretender to the throne (b. 1523)
May 27 – Richard Hill, Richard Holiday, John Hogg and Edmund Duke, executed Roman Catholic priests
June 19 – Mogami Yoshimori, Japanese warlord (b. 1521)
June 28 – Hori Hidemasa, Japanese warlord (b. 1553)
July 10 – Archduke Charles II of Austria, regent of Inner Austria (b. 1540)
August 10
Hōjō Ujimasa, Japanese warlord (b. 1538)
Hōjō Ujiteru, Japanese warlord (b. 1540？)
August 27 – Pope Sixtus V (b. 1521)
September 20 – Lodovico Agostini, Italian composer (b. 1534)
September 27 – Pope Urban VII (b. 1521)
September 29 – Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert, Dutch politician and theologian (b. 1522)
October 4 – Jacques Cujas, French legal expert (b. 1520)
October 12 – Kano Eitoku, Japanese painter (b. 1543)
October 23 – Bernardino de Sahagún, Franciscan missionary (b. 1499)
November 18 – George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, English statesman (b. 1528)
November 29 – Philipp Nikodemus Frischlin, German philologist and poet (b. 1547)
December 20 – Ambroise Paré, French surgeon (b. 1510)
date unknown
Nicholas Bobadilla, one of the first Jesuits (b. 1511)
Roger Dudley, British soldier (b. 1535)
Sorley Boy MacDonnell, Irish chieftain (b. 1505)
Juan Bautista de Pomar, Spanish colonial historian and writer
probable
Bernard Palissy, French potter (b. 1510)
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